The most difficult step in the use of any significant computer application is undoubtedly the initial configuration. This is certainly true of Red Hat Linux. In spite of a dramatically simplified installation program, the individual acting as the installer must provide extensive system information before a working Linux system will emerge.
The two areas that present the greatest difficulty for novice installers are disk partitioning and the configuration of the X-Window system. Red Hat has done some work to make both of these areas somewhat less daunting, but conditions can easily arise that will require extensive knowledge of these subjects as well as specialized software tools.
This chapter aims to familiarize a Linux installer with the intricacies of installation, with a special focus upon the problem areas.
A minimal installation of Red Hat Linux requires relatively modest hardware. Red Hat Linux can be installed on a computer with an Intel 386 with 16MB of memory, a 120MB hard drive, and a 3.5" floppy. If a CD-ROM is not available, either a network install must be performed, or an image of the installation files must be placed upon the hard drive (CD-ROM installs are much more straightforward, and are strongly recommended for the novice installer, even it it requires machine disassembly).
If additional subsystems are installed (such as the web server, database server, or electronic mail server), more disk space and/or processor power will be required.
A hard disk drive must be cut into partitions before Linux can be installed upon it. Linux requires at least two partitions, one for file space (usually for a second extended file system), and one for virtual memory (swap).
There can be up to four primary partitions on a hard drive. One of the primary partitions can be designated as an extended partition, which can then hold additional logical partitions. Linux can use up to fifteen logical partitions that are created within the extended partition.
Both the drive as a whole and each partition on the drive will be
represented by Linux as files in the /dev directory on a running
Linux system. The files differ, depending if IDE or SCSI drives are in
use.
On an IDE system, usually up to four drives are available.
These drives are named
/dev/hda,
/dev/hdb,
/dev/hdc, and
/dev/hdd. The files will exist, even if the drive is not
physically present.
On a SCSI system, multiple drives across multiple controllers might
be available. The boot drive, or the first available SCSI drive,
will be known as /dev/sda. Additional drives will be known
as /dev/sdb, /dev/sdc, etc. Additionally,
SCSI CD-ROM devices are known as /dev/scd0 and above,
and SCSI tapes are known as /dev/st0 or /dev/nst0
and above.
Please note that if an IDE hard drive is installed as
/dev/hda, it must be the boot drive, and it will
assume precedence over any available SCSI drives. Do not install a
device as /dev/hda if the intention is to boot from a
SCSI device.
Each primary partition on a drive is also a device file. The four primary
partitions on the IDE boot drive are
/dev/hda1,
/dev/hda2,
/dev/hda3, and
/dev/hda4. These files will exist even if the partitions
have not been created. If one of the primary partitions is of the
extended type, then the logical partitions which it contains can be
addressed starting with
/dev/hda5 (and rising to
/dev/hda6,
/dev/hda7,
/dev/hda8, etc.). A SCSI boot drive would use the device files
/dev/sda1,
/dev/sda2,
/dev/sda3, and
/dev/sda4 for its primary partitions, and
/dev/sda5 and above for its extended partitions.
This arrangement can be further complicated by IDE CD-ROMS, which
appear on the system as hard drives. Most PCs place the IDE CD-ROM
drive as the master IDE device on the second channel, which makes them
/dev/hdc. Attempts to run fdisk on the CD-ROM
device will prove ineffective. After installation, it is generally wise
to set a soft link from /dev/cdrom to /dev/hdc
(or whatever IDE device has been used for the CD-ROM drive). Many
programs require such a link to properly control the CD-ROM drive.
Programs which play audio CDs specifically will require this link,
and they will also require write permission to the device file
(which is granted with a command of the form
“
Because of the geometry of modern hard disk drives, partitions near the outer edge of a disk will have much better performance than partitions near the center. The swap partition should be allocated in such a way that it lies upon the outer edge of the disk, since swap performance can greatly influence overall system performance. Other areas of the disk which will see high use should also be located near the outer edge.
Usually, if DOS or Windows has been previously installed on a computer,
there is a single partition that spans the drive holding the FAT file
system. This partition must be split before Linux can be installed.
This can either be done by destroying the single partition, then
repartitioning the drive, or by non-destructively separating an unused
portion of the partition which can then be used for Linux. The
fips tool found in the dosutils directory
on the CD-ROM included with this text can be used for non-destructive
repartitioning, but its use is entirely unsupported and it may
cause data loss.
Other commercial repartitioning tools are available which may be more
flexible than fips.
While Linux can recognize any combination of primary and logical
partitions for its file-systems, DOS/Windows only allows a single DOS FAT
file system to
exist in any of the four primary partitions. The DOS version of
fdisk will not allow the creation of a second DOS FAT
file-system in a primary partition, and DOS will freeze on boot if
Linux fdisk is used to create multiple DOS FAT file-systems
in the primary partitions. However, multiple DOS FAT file-systems are
allowed within the logical partitions.
Also, there can be grave difficulties in using Linux fdisk
to mark DOS FAT file systems, as this section from the fdisk
manual page explains:
The DOS 6.x FORMAT command looks for some information in the first sector of the data area of the partition, and treats this information as more reliable than the information in the partition table. DOS FORMAT expects DOS FDISK to clear the first 512 bytes of the data area of a partition whenever a size change occurs. DOS FORMAT will look at this extra information even if the /U flag is given -- we consider this a bug in DOS FORMAT and DOS FDISK.
The bottom line is that if you use cfdisk or fdisk to change the size of a DOS partition table entry, then you must also use dd to zero the first 512 bytes of that partition before using DOS FORMAT to format the partition. For example, if you were using cfdisk to make a DOS partition table entry for /dev/hda1, then (after exiting fdisk or cfdisk and rebooting Linux so that the partition table information is valid) you would use the command “
dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda1 bs=512 count=1” to zero the first 512 bytes of the partition.BE EXTREMELY CAREFUL if you use the dd command, since a small typo can make all of the data on your disk useless.
For best results, you should always use an OS-specific partition table program. For example, you should make DOS partitions with the DOS FDISK program and Linux partitions with the Linux fdisk or Linux cfdisk program.
As has been previously stated, Linux requires at least two partitions at installation (one for the root file system, and one for swap). However, it is usually desirable to create additional file systems (and the partitions upon which they reside) to isolate different areas of the Linux system. Each separate disk partition can hold a single native filesystem.
For example, it is usually a good idea to prepare the /home
directory as a separate file system. This will ensure that if
/home fills, normal logging activity will continue on the
root file system and many other system administration options remain
open.
Following are some important directory locations which might do well when configured as separate filesystems:
/home
home filesystem will isolate the
non-privileged users from the system areas. If more than a few,
trusted users will be accessing the system, the creation of
a separate /home file system is highly recommended.
/opt
/opt on
most major UNIX variants. Red Hat does not create an
/opt directory in the normal course of installation,
but the Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise SQL Server will
create the directory. In this guide, however, it is recommended
to install Sybase on /home to simplify the preparation
of PHP.
/var
/var areas hold system logs in /var/log.
If the relevant subsystems
are installed, it will also contain electronic mail in
/var/spool/mail, and news spools in
/var/spool/news. Each of these separate areas of
/var might require a separate file system, depending
upon the configuration and use of the system.
Bearing the previous discussion of disk partitioning in mind, an example
of a typical workstation fdisk session will be shown below.
This workstation has a 3.5 gigabyte hard disk drive. A Windows operating system is installed on the drive, and has been configured to occupy a 2 gigabyte partition (which is the maximum allowable size for the older FAT file systems).
This fdisk session will be used later in the example
installation
of a new Red Hat Linux system. If a new drive were added to the computer,
an fdisk partitioning session similar to the one below
would be required before the new drive could be used under Linux.
Be extremely careful in running fdisk on drives
with an installed operating system. It is trivially easy to make a
mistake that wipes out a partition and the operating system upon it.
The value of backups in such a situation cannot be overemphasized.
Below is the complete fdisk session. The warning concerning
the default device can be avoided if the device file is passed as an
argument to fdisk (i.e. call
“fdisk /dev/hda” rather than
“fdisk” from the shell).
Using /dev/hda as default device! Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table q quit without saving changes s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only)
The help command used above displays all the options for fdisk.
The first thing to do in such a situation is to examine the existing partition
table on the drive.
Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/hda: 128 heads, 63 sectors, 847 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8064 * 512 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 * 1 520 2096608+ 6 FAT16
DOS or Windows has been installed on this drive. A 2 gigabyte partition has been allocated for the DOS area. Linux will be installed on the remainder of the drive, in an extended partition.
The Boot column indicates the active partition. The LILO loader ignores which partition is marked active, so this information is irrelevant in a normal Linux installation.
Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) e Partition number (1-4): 2 First cylinder (521-847): 521 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK ([521]-847): 847 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/hda: 128 heads, 63 sectors, 847 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8064 * 512 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 * 1 520 2096608+ 6 FAT16 /dev/hda2 521 847 1318464 5 Extended
An extended partition has now been created over the remainder of the drive. It must now be populated with Linux partitions.
Command (m for help): n Command action l logical (5 or over) p primary partition (1-4) l First cylinder (521-847): 521 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK ([521]-847): +700M Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/hda: 128 heads, 63 sectors, 847 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8064 * 512 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 * 1 520 2096608+ 6 FAT16 /dev/hda2 521 847 1318464 5 Extended /dev/hda5 521 698 717664+ 83 Linux
A 700 megabyte Linux partition has now been created. This partition
will later be used as a root file system. Notice that the extended
partitions are numbered starting with /dev/hda5.
Notice also that the last cylinder of a new partition can be specified as a size offset, rather than a specific ending cylinder.
Command (m for help): n Command action l logical (5 or over) p primary partition (1-4) l First cylinder (648-847): 699 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK ([648]-847): 830 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/hda: 128 heads, 63 sectors, 847 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8064 * 512 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 * 1 520 2096608+ 6 FAT16 /dev/hda2 521 847 1318464 5 Extended /dev/hda5 521 698 717664+ 83 Linux /dev/hda6 699 830 532192+ 83 Linux
A new partition has been created that is slightly over 500 megabytes.
In this case, it will be mounted on the /home directory.
This file system will have better performance than any of the others
since it lies near the outer edge of the disk.
Command (m for help): n Command action l logical (5 or over) p primary partition (1-4) l First cylinder (816-847): 831 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK ([816]-847): 847 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/hda: 128 heads, 63 sectors, 847 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8064 * 512 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 * 1 520 2096608+ 6 FAT16 /dev/hda2 521 847 1318464 5 Extended /dev/hda5 521 698 717664+ 83 Linux /dev/hda6 699 830 532192+ 83 Linux /dev/hda7 831 847 68512+ 82 Linux
A final 64 megabyte partition has been created which is intended for use as swap space.
128 megabytes is the largest that any single swap partition can be. If larger swap partitions are created, the extra space will go to waste.
The fact that 17 cylinders translates to approximately 64 megabytes could
be discovered by adding a +64M partition, recording the number of cylinders
that it
consumes, then deleting that partition. The size of the /home
file-system is then resolved by subtracting the cylinder size of the swap
partition from the total remaining cylinders.
However, before the swap partition can be initialized, it must be tagged for use as swap.
Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-7): 7 Hex code (type L to list codes): L 0 Empty 16 Hidden FAT16 61 SpeedStor a6 OpenBSD 1 FAT12 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 63 GNU HURD or Sys a7 NeXTSTEP 2 XENIX root 18 AST Windows swa 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs 3 XENIX usr 24 NEC DOS 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap 4 FAT16 <32M 3c PartitionMagic 70 DiskSecure Mult c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 5 Extended 40 Venix 80286 75 PC/IX c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 6 FAT16 41 PPC PReP Boot 80 Old Minix c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 7 HPFS/NTFS 42 SFS 81 Minix / old Lin c7 Syrinx 8 AIX 4d QNX4.x 82 Linux swap db CP/M / CTOS / . 9 AIX bootable 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 83 Linux e1 DOS access a OS/2 Boot Manag 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 84 OS/2 hidden C: e3 DOS R/O b Win95 FAT32 50 OnTrack DM 85 Linux extended e4 SpeedStor c Win95 FAT32 (LB 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 86 NTFS volume set eb BeOS fs e Win95 FAT16 (LB 52 CP/M 87 NTFS volume set f1 SpeedStor f Win95 Ext'd (LB 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux 93 Amoeba f4 SpeedStor 10 OPUS 54 OnTrackDM6 94 Amoeba BBT f2 DOS secondary 11 Hidden FAT12 55 EZ-Drive a0 IBM Thinkpad hi fe LANstep 12 Compaq diagnost 56 Golden Bow a5 BSD/386 ff BBT 14 Hidden FAT16 <3 5c Priam Edisk Hex code (type L to list codes): 82 Changed system type of partition 7 to 82 (Linux swap) Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/hda: 128 heads, 63 sectors, 847 cylinders Units = cylinders of 8064 * 512 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 * 1 520 2096608+ 6 FAT16 /dev/hda2 521 847 1318464 5 Extended /dev/hda5 521 698 717664+ 83 Linux /dev/hda6 699 830 532192+ 83 Linux /dev/hda7 831 847 68512+ 82 Linux swap
The swap partition has been marked, and all that remains is to write out the changes to the partition table.
Command (m for help): w
Generally speaking, in order to configure X-Windows for a new video monitor, the horizontal and vertical scanning rates of the monitor must be known (assuming that the video card is supported).
This information is usually in the manual that originally shipped with the monitor. Do not throw such manuals away. The rates can also sometimes be obtained from the monitor manufacturer's website.
The horizontal rates are usually listed in KiloHertz, and the vertical rates are usually listed in Hertz. The rates may be specified ether as discrete values, or as a range of frequencies.
For example, a Mitsubishi Diamond Plus 72 has horizontal frequencies of 30 to 86 KHz, and vertical frequencies of 50 to 130 Hz.
The Xconfigurator utility distributed with Red Hat Linux
6.0 contains the scanning rates for the following monitors:
|
ADI DMC-2304 ADI Duo ADI MicroScan 17 ADI MicroScan 17X ADI MicroScan 2E ADI MicroScan 3E+ ADI MicroScan 3E ADI MicroScan 3V ADI MicroScan 4A ADI MicroScan 4G ADI MicroScan 4GP ADI MicroScan 5G ADI MicroScan 5P/5P+ ADI MicroScan 5T ADI MicroScan 5V ADI MicroScan 6P ADI MicroScan G70 ADI MicroScan P55 ADI ProVista 14 ADI ProVista E30 ADI ProVista E40 ADI ProVista E66 AOC 4N Series AOC 4V & 5E Series AOC 5V & 5G Series AOC 7G Series AOC 7V Series AOC 9G Series AOC-15 AT&T 14 in. Color Economy AT&T 14 in. Color Value AT&T 14 in. Mono AT&T 15 in. Color AT&T 17 in. Color Professional AT&T 17 in. Color Value AT&T CRT-365 AT&T CRT-395 Acer AcerView 11D Acer AcerView 15P Acer AcerView 33 Acer AcerView 33D Acer AcerView 33DL Acer AcerView 33s Acer AcerView 34T Acer AcerView 34TL Acer AcerView 34Ts Acer AcerView 34e Acer AcerView 35 Acer AcerView 35c Acer AcerView 54e Acer AcerView 54s Acer AcerView 55 Acer AcerView 55L Acer AcerView 55c Acer AcerView 55e Acer AcerView 56L Acer AcerView 56c Acer AcerView 56e Acer AcerView 56i Acer AcerView 56is Acer AcerView 56s Acer AcerView 7015 Acer AcerView 76N Acer AcerView 76c Acer AcerView 76e Acer AcerView 76i Acer AcerView 76ie Acer AcerView 76is Acer AcerView 76t Acer AcerView 77is Acer AcerView 78i Acer AcerView 78ie Acer AcerView 79t Acer AcerView 98i Acer AcerView 99D Apollo 1280x1024-68Hz Apollo 1280x1024-70Hz Axion CL-1566 CTX 1451 CTX 1451ES CTX 1451GM CTX 1462GM CTX 1551 CTX 1562 CTX 1562ES CTX 1562GM CTX 1565 CTX 1565GM CTX 1765 CTX 1765GM CTX 1785 CTX 1785GM CTX 2085 CTX 2185 CTX CPS-1460 CTX CPS-1560 CTX CPS-1750 CTX CPS-1760 CTX CPS-2160 CTX CPS-2180 CTX CVP-5439 CTX CVP-5468 CTX CVP-5468NI CTX CVP-5468NL CTX CVS-3436 CTX CVS-3450 CTX Multiscan 3436 CTX-1561 Chuntex CTX CPS-1560/LR Compaq 1024 Monitor Compaq 151FS Monitor Compaq 171FS Monitor Compaq P110 Monitor Compaq P1610 Monitor Compaq P50 Monitor Compaq P75 Monitor Compaq Qvision 172 Monitor Compaq Qvision 200 Monitor Compaq Qvision 210 Monitor Compaq TFT450 Monitor Compaq TFT500 Monitor Compaq V50 Monitor Compaq V75 Monitor Compaq V75 Compaq V90 Monitor Compudyne KD-1500N Cornerstone - Color 20/70 Cornerstone - Color 20/77 Cornerstone - Color 21/75 Cornerstone - Color 40/95 Cornerstone - Color 45/101sf Cornerstone - Color 50/101sf, 21/81 Cornerstone - c1000, c1001, Color 50/95 Cornerstone - c900 Cornerstone - p1400 Cornerstone - p1500 Cornerstone - p1600, Color 50/115sf, 50/115 Cornerstone - p1700 Cornerstone - v300 DEC PCXBV-KA/KB Dell 1024i-P/1024i-Color Dell 1024i Dell Eizo 9080i Dell GPD-16C Dell GPD-19C Dell Hewitt Dell Super VGA Colour Dell Super VGA DL 1428 I/L Dell Super VGA Jostens Dell Super VGA Dell UGA DL 1460 NI Dell Ultrascan 14C-E Dell Ultrascan 14C-EN Dell Ultrascan 14C Dell Ultrascan 14ES Dell Ultrascan 14LR Dell Ultrascan 14XE Dell Ultrascan 15ES/15ES-P Dell Ultrascan 15FS-N/15FS-EN Dell Ultrascan 15FS/15FS-E Dell Ultrascan 15LR Dell Ultrascan 15TE Dell Ultrascan 17ES Dell Ultrascan 17FS-ELR Dell Ultrascan 17FS-EN Dell Ultrascan 17FS-LR Dell Ultrascan 17FS-N Dell Ultrascan 21FS Dell Ultrascan 21TE Dell Ultrascan V17X Dell V15X Dell V17X Dell VC15 Colour Dell VGA 800 Dell VGA Color/Color Plus Dell VGA Monochrome Dell VS14/15 Dell VS17 Dell VS17X Dell Vi14X Digital 14 in. Color (FR-PCXBV-PF) Digital 14 in. Color (FR-PCXBV-SA) Digital 15 in. Color (FR-PCXBV-PC) Digital 15 in. Color (FR-PCXBV-SC) Digital 17 in. Color (FR-PCXAV-EC) Digital 17 in. Color (FR-PCXBV-KA) Digital 21 in. Color (FR-PCXAV-HA) EIZO FlexScan 9080i EIZO FlexScan FX-B5 EIZO FlexScan FX-C5 EIZO FlexScan FX-C6 EIZO FlexScan FX-E7 EIZO FlexScan T660 EIZO FlexScan TX-C7 EIZO FlexScan TX-C7S EIZO FlexScan TX-D7S ELSA GDM-17E40 ESCOM MONO-LCD-screen Gateway CrystalScan 1572FS Gateway CrystalScan 1776LE Generic Monitor Generic Multisync GoldStar LG StudioWorks20i GoldStar LG StudioWorks56i GoldStar LG StudioWorks56m GoldStar LG StudioWorks74m GoldStar LG StudioWorks76i GoldStar LG StudioWorks76m GoldStar LG StudioWorks78T GoldStar LG StudioWorks78i HP D1187A 20-inch Display HP D1188A 20-inch Display HP D1192A VGA Monochrome 14-inch Display HP D1193A Ultra VGA 17-inch HP D1194A SVGA 14-inch Display HP D1195A Ergo-SVGA 14-inch Display HP D1196A Ergo Ultra VGA 15-inch Display HP D1197A Color VGA 14-inch Display HP D1198A SVGA 14-inch Display HP D1199A Ultra VGA 1600 21-inch Display HP D1815A 1024 Low Emissions 14-inch Display HP D2800A Ultra VGA 1600 21-inch Display HP D2801A VGA Monochrome 14-inch Display HP D2802A SVGA 14-inch Display HP D2804A Super VGA and 1024i 14-inch Display HP D2805A Ergo 1024 14-inch Display HP D2806A Ergo Ultra VGA 15-inch Display HP D2807A Ultra VGA 1280 17-inch Display HP D2808A 1024 Low Emissions 15-inch Display HP D2814A Super VGA and 1024I 14-inch Display HP D3857A Multi Media 15-inch Display HP D3858A Multi Media 14-inch Display Highscreen LE 1024 Hitachi 20-AP Hitachi 20-APF Hitachi 20-AS Hitachi 21-AP Hitachi Accuvue GX17L Hitachi Accuvue GX20 Hitachi Accuvue GX20H Hitachi Accuvue GX21 Hitachi Accuvue UX4717 Hitachi Accuvue UX4721 Hitachi Accuvue UX4921 Hitachi Accuvue UX6821 Hitachi CM1587M Hitachi CM1711M Hitachi CM1721M Hitachi CM1786M Hitachi CM2011M Hitachi CM2096M Hitachi CM2110M Hitachi CM2111M Hitachi CM2112M Hitachi CM2198M Hitachi CM2199M Hitachi CM500 Hitachi CM600 Hitachi CM611 Hitachi CM620 Hitachi CM630 Hitachi CM701 Hitachi CM751 Hitachi CM800 Hitachi CM801 Hitachi CM802 Hitachi CM803 Hitachi HM-5219 Hitachi HM1764 Hitachi HM1782 Hitachi HM4020 Hitachi HM4021 Hitachi HM4721 Hitachi HM4820 Hitachi HM4821 Hitachi HM4921 Hitachi HM6421 Hitachi HM6821 Hyundai DeluxScan 14S Hyundai DeluxScan 15 Pro Hyundai DeluxScan 15B Hyundai DeluxScan 15G+ Hyundai DeluxScan 15G Hyundai DeluxScan 17 Pro Hyundai DeluxScan 17B+ Hyundai DeluxScan 17B Hyundai DeluxScan 17MB/17MS Hyundai hcm-421E IBM 2116 MM55 Multimedia IBM 2128 MM75 Multimedia IBM 2235 C50 IBM 2237 C71 IBM 6540 G42 IBM 6541 G51 IBM 6546 G52 & G54 IBM 6547 G72 & G74 IBM 6549 G94 IBM 6556 P72 IBM 6557 P92 IBM 6558 P202 IBM 8507 IBM 9514-B TFT Panel IBM 9514-B TFT Panel IBM 9514-B TFT Panel Iiyama A101GT, VisionMasterPro 501 Iiyama A102GT, VisionMasterPro 502 Iiyama A701GT, VisionMasterPro 400 Iiyama MF-8221E/T, VisionMaster Iiyama MF-8515G, VisionMaster Iiyama MF-8617E/T, VisionMaster Iiyama MF-8617ES, VisionMaster Iiyama MF-8721E, VisionMaster Iiyama MT-9017E/T, VisionMasterPro Iiyama MT-9021E/T, VisionMasterPro Iiyama MT-9221, VisionMasterPro Iiyama S101GT, VisionMaster 501 Iiyama S102GT, VisionMaster 502 Iiyama S701GT, VisionMaster 400 Iiyama S702GT, VisionMaster 400 Iiyama S901GT, VisionMaster 450 Iiyama TXA3601GT, Prolite36 Iiyama TXA3602GT, Prolite36 Iiyama TXA3811/3821HT, Prolite38 Impression 7 Plus 7728D LCD Panel 1024x768 LCD Panel 640x480 LCD Panel 800x600 Lite-On CM1414E MAG 410V2 MAG 510V2 MAG 710V2 MAG 720V2 MAG AX1595 MAG AX15FG MAG AX1795 MAG AX1795E MAG AX17FG MAG D410 MAG DJ530 MAG DJ700 MAG DJ700E MAG DJ702 MAG DJ702E MAG DJ704 MAG DJ707 MAG DJ707E MAG DJ710 MAG DJ717 MAG DJ800 MAG DJ920 MAG DX1495 MAG DX1595 MAG DX1595N MAG DX1595V MAG DX15F MAG DX15FG MAG DX15N MAG DX15T MAG DX1795 MAG DX1795E MAG DX17F MAG DX17FP MAG DX17Fe MAG DX17N MAG DX17S MAG DX17SA MAG DX17SP MAG DX17T MAG DX500AV MAG DX500T MAG DX700T MAG DX715T MAG MX15F MAG MX17D MAG MX17F MAG MX17FP MAG MX17S MAG MX17SA MAG MX17SG MAG MX21F MAG MXE1595 MAG MXE17S MAG MXP17D MAG MXP17F MAG MXP17FE MAG MXP17S MAG VEI17 MAG XJ500T MAG XJ530 MAG XJ700T MAG XJ707 MAG XJ717 Magnavox MB4010(14inch/CM1300) Magnavox MB5314(15inch/CM1200) Magnavox MB7000(17inch/CM6800) Magnavox MV5011(15inch/CM1300) MegaImage 17 Mitsubishi Diamond Plus 100 (TFW1105) Mitsubishi Diamond Plus 70 (TF-7700P) Mitsubishi Diamond Plus 71 (TFV6708) Mitsubishi Diamond Plus 72 (TFV8705) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 1000 (TFX1105) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 1010 (TUX1107) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 14 (FW6405) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 14 Plus (SD45xx) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 15FS (SD56xx) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 17 (TFS6705) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 17TX (TFG8705) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 20 (HL7955) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 20X (FR8905) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 21FS (FFL7165) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 21T (THZ8155) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 21TX (THN9105) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 26H (HJ6505) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 26M (HC3505) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 37 (XC3725) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 67TXV (TFV6705) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 700 (TFK9705) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 87TXM (TFM8705) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 900 (NFJ9905) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 91TXM (TFW9105) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro SVGA (SD43xx) Mitsubishi Diamond Pro VGA (SD41xx) Mitsubishi Diamond Scan 15FS (SD55xx) Mitsubishi Diamond Scan 15HX (SD57xx) Mitsubishi Diamond Scan 15VX (SD58xx) Mitsubishi Diamond Scan 17FS (FFY7705) Mitsubishi Diamond Scan 17HX (FFF8705) Mitsubishi Diamond Scan 20 (HL6945/55) Mitsubishi Diamond Scan 20H (FR8905) Mitsubishi Diamond Scan 20M (HC3925) Mitsubishi Diamond Scan 21 (FFL7165) Mitsubishi Diamond Scan 37 (XC3715) Mitsubishi Diamond Scan 50 (SD5904) Mitsubishi Diamond Scan 70 (SD7704) Mitsubishi Diamond Scan 90e (FFT9905) Mitsubishi LCD 40 (LXA420W) Mitsubishi LCD 50 (LXA520W) Mitsubishi MegaView 29 (AM2752) Mitsubishi MegaView 33 (XC3315) Mitsubishi MegaView 37 (XC3716) Mitsubishi MegaView 37 Plus (XC3717) Mitsubishi MegaView Pro 29 (XC2930) Mitsubishi MegaView Pro 37 (XC3730) Mitsubishi MegaView Pro 42 (AM4201) Mitsubishi Precise Point 5800 Mitsubishi Precise Point 8705 Mitsubishi Precise Point 8905 Mitsubishi SpectraView 1000 Mitsubishi SpectraView 700 Mitsubishi The Big Easy 1281 (VS1281) Mitsubishi The Big Easy G1A (LVPG1A) Mitsubishi VS1280 Projector NEC LCD1280 NEC LCD1280 NEC LCD200 NEC LCD300 NEC LCD300 NEC MultiSync 2V NEC MultiSync 3D NEC MultiSync 3FGe NEC MultiSync 3FGx NEC MultiSync 3V NEC MultiSync 4D NEC MultiSync 4FG NEC MultiSync 4FGe NEC MultiSync 50 NEC MultiSync 70 NEC MultiSync A500+ NEC MultiSync A500 NEC MultiSync A700+ NEC MultiSync A700 NEC MultiSync A900 NEC MultiSync C400 NEC MultiSync C500 NEC MultiSync E1100+ NEC MultiSync E1100 NEC MultiSync E500 NEC MultiSync E700 NEC MultiSync E750 NEC MultiSync E900+ NEC MultiSync E900 NEC MultiSync FP1350 NEC MultiSync FP950 NEC MultiSync LCD1500M NEC MultiSync LCD1510 NEC MultiSync LCD1510V NEC MultiSync LCD1810 NEC MultiSync LCD2000 NEC MultiSync LCD2010 NEC MultiSync LCD400 NEC MultiSync LCD400V NEC MultiSync M500 NEC MultiSync M700 NEC MultiSync P1150 NEC MultiSync P1250+ NEC MultiSync P750 NEC MultiSync XE15 NEC MultiSync XE17 NEC MultiSync XV14 NEC MultiSync XV15+ NEC MultiSync XV15 NEC MultiSync XV17+ (-2) NEC Multisync 5FG NEC Multisync 5FGe NEC Multisync 5FGp NEC Multisync 6FG NEC Multisync 6FGp Nanao F340i-W Nanao F550i-w Nanao F550i Nokia 300Xa Nokia 400Xa Nokia 417TV Nokia 445G Nokia 445M Nokia 445R Nokia 445X Nokia 445Xav Nokia 445Xavc Nokia 445Xi Nokia 445XiPlus Nokia 445Xpro125 Nokia 445Xpro Nokia 446XS Nokia 446Xpro Nokia 446Xt Nokia 447B Nokia 447DTC Nokia 447E Nokia 447K Nokia 447KA Nokia 447KC Nokia 447L Nokia 447M Nokia 447S Nokia 447V Nokia 447W Nokia 447X Nokia 447XS Nokia 447Xa Nokia 447Xav Nokia 447Xavc Nokia 447Xi Nokia 447XiPlus Nokia 447Xpro Nokia 447Za Nokia 447Zi Nokia 447i Nokia 449E Nokia 449M Nokia 449X Nokia 449Xa Nokia 449XaPlus Nokia 449Xi Nokia 449XiPlus Nokia 44BS Nokia 500Xa Nokia 800Xi Optiquest Q100 Optiquest Q41 Optiquest Q51 Optiquest Q53 Optiquest Q71 Optiquest V115 Optiquest V115T Optiquest V641 Optiquest V655 Optiquest V773 Optiquest V775 Optiquest V95 Panasonic C1491 Panasonic C1591E Panasonic C1591EA Panasonic C1791E Panasonic C1791Ei Panasonic C1792P Panasonic C2192P Panasonic E15 Panasonic E21 Panasonic P15 Panasonic P17 Panasonic P21 Panasonic PF17 Panasonic PM15 Panasonic PM17 Panasonic Panamedia-15 Panasonic Panamedia-17 Panasonic S15 Panasonic S17 Panasonic S21 Panasonic SL70 Panasonic TX-1713MA series Panasonic TX-D1562F series Panasonic TX-D1562NMF Panasonic TX-D1563P series Panasonic TX-D1731 series Panasonic TX-D1732 series Panasonic TX-D1733 series Panasonic TX-D1734 series Panasonic TX-D1734F series Panasonic TX-D1751 series Panasonic TX-D1752 series Panasonic TX-D1753 series Panasonic TX-D2051 series Panasonic TX-D2131 series Panasonic TX-D2131P series Panasonic TX-D2151 series Panasonic TX-D2162 series Panasonic TX-D2171 series Panasonic TX-D4L31-J Panasonic TX-D7P53 series Panasonic TX-T1562CJ1 Panasonic TX-T1562P series Panasonic TX-T1563F series Panasonic TX-T1563PT1 Panasonic TX-T1565P series Panasonic TX-T1567P series Philips 104B(14inch/CM1300) Philips 105B(15inch/CM1200) Philips 105B(15inch/CM1300) Philips 105S(15inch/CM1300) Philips 107B(17inch/CM6800) Philips 107B(17inch/CM6800) Philips 107S(17inch/CM1300) Philips 107S(17inch/CM6800) Philips 1764DC Philips 200B(20inch/CM5600) Philips 200T(20inch/CM0700) Philips 201B(21inch/CM0770) Philips 201B(PRODUCT ID 21B58...) Philips 7BM749 Philips Brilliance 105(15inch/CM2200) Philips Brilliance 107(17inch/CM8800) Philips Brilliance 107(PRODUCT ID 17A58...) Philips Brilliance 109(PRODUCT ID 19A58...) Philips Brilliance 201(21inch/CM1700) Philips Brilliance 201(PRODUCT ID 21A58...) Philips Brilliance 201CS(21inch/CM0900) Philips Brilliance AX4500(14.5 LCD MONITOR) Philips Brilliance AX4500(14.5 LCD MONITOR) Princeton Graphic Systems Arcadia AR2.7 Princeton Graphic Systems Arcadia AR2.7AV Princeton Graphic Systems Arcadia AR3.1 Princeton Graphic Systems Arcadia AR3.1AV Princeton Graphic Systems C2001 Princeton Graphic Systems EO14 Princeton Graphic Systems EO15 Princeton Graphic Systems EO17 Princeton Graphic Systems EO2000 Princeton Graphic Systems EO40 Princeton Graphic Systems EO500 Princeton Graphic Systems EO50 Princeton Graphic Systems EO70 Princeton Graphic Systems EO710 Princeton Graphic Systems EO72 Princeton Graphic Systems EO74/74T Princeton Graphic Systems EO75 Princeton Graphic Systems EO76/76T Princeton Graphic Systems EO900 Princeton Graphic Systems EO90 Princeton Graphic Systems Ultra 14 Princeton Graphic Systems Ultra 14ni Princeton Graphic Systems Ultra 15 Princeton Graphic Systems Ultra 17+ Princeton Graphic Systems Ultra 17 Princeton Graphic Systems Ultra 20 Princeton Graphic Systems Ultra 40 Princeton Graphic Systems Ultra 41 Princeton Graphic Systems Ultra 50 Princeton Graphic Systems Ultra 51 Princeton Graphic Systems Ultra 70F Princeton Graphic Systems Ultra 71 Princeton Graphic Systems Ultra 72 Princeton Graphic Systems Ultra 80 Quantex TE1564M - Super View 1280 Relisys RE1564 Sampo alphascan-17 Samsung SyncMaster 15GLe Samsung SyncMaster 15GLi Samsung SyncMaster 15M Samsung SyncMaster 17GLi Samsung SyncMaster 17GLsi Samsung SyncMaster 3 Samsung SyncMaster 3Ne Samsung SyncMaster 500b/500Mb Samsung SyncMaster 500p/500Mp Samsung SyncMaster 500s/500Ms Samsung SyncMaster 700b/700Mb Samsung SyncMaster 700p/700Mp Samsung SyncMaster 700s/700Ms Samtron 5B/5MB Samtron 5E/5ME Samtron 7E/7ME/7B/7MB Samtron SC-428PS/PSL Samtron SC-428PT/PTL Samtron SC-528MDL Samtron SC-528TXL Samtron SC-528UXL Samtron SC-726GXL Samtron SC-728FXL Sony CPD-100ES Sony CPD-100EST Sony CPD-100GS Sony CPD-100GST Sony CPD-100SF Sony CPD-100SFB Sony CPD-100SFT Sony CPD-100SX Sony CPD-100VS Sony CPD-101VS iGPE Sony CPD-110GS/110EST Sony CPD-120AS Sony CPD-120VS Sony CPD-15ES2 Sony CPD-15ES Sony CPD-15SF2 Sony CPD-15SF8 Sony CPD-15SF9 Sony CPD-15SX1 Sony CPD-17C1 Sony CPD-17ES2 Sony CPD-17GS Sony CPD-17MS Sony CPD-17SF2 Sony CPD-17SF8 Sony CPD-17SF8R Sony CPD-17SF9 Sony CPD-200ES Sony CPD-200EST Sony CPD-200GS Sony CPD-200GST Sony CPD-200SF Sony CPD-200SFT Sony CPD-200SX Sony CPD-201VS iGPE Sony CPD-20SF2 Sony CPD-20SF2T5 Sony CPD-20SF2T Sony CPD-20SF3 Sony CPD-210GS/210EST Sony CPD-210SFB Sony CPD-220AS Sony CPD-220GS/17GS2 Sony CPD-220VS Sony CPD-300SFT5 Sony CPD-300SFT Sony CPD-420GS/420GST/19GS2 Sony CPD-520GS/520GST/21GS2 Sony CPD-L133 Sony CPD-L150 Sony GDM-17SE2T(NEW) Sony GDM-17SE2T5 Sony GDM-17SE2T Sony GDM-200PS Sony GDM-200PST Sony GDM-20SE2T5 Sony GDM-20SE2T Sony GDM-20SE3T Sony GDM-20SHT(NEW) Sony GDM-20SHT Sony GDM-400PS/400PST/19PS Sony GDM-500PS/500PST/21PS Sony GDM-F400 Sony GDM-F500 Sony GDM-W900 Sony VMU-1000 Sun 17-inch 447Z TARGA TM 1710 D TAXAN 875 Tandberg ErgoScan 21c Tatung CM14UHE Tatung CM14UHR Tatung CM14UHS Unisys-19 ViewSonic 14E ViewSonic 14ES ViewSonic 15 ViewSonic 15E ViewSonic 15ES-2 ViewSonic 15ES ViewSonic 15EX ViewSonic 15G-2 ViewSonic 15G ViewSonic 15GA-2 ViewSonic 15GA ViewSonic 15GS-2 ViewSonic 15GS-3 ViewSonic 15GS ViewSonic 17 ViewSonic 17E ViewSonic 17EA ViewSonic 17G ViewSonic 17GA-2 ViewSonic 17GA ViewSonic 17GS-2 ViewSonic 17GS ViewSonic 17PS-2 ViewSonic 17PS ViewSonic 1 ViewSonic 20 ViewSonic 20G-2 ViewSonic 20G ViewSonic 20PS ViewSonic 21 ViewSonic 21PS-2 ViewSonic 21PS ViewSonic 29GA ViewSonic 2 ViewSonic 3 ViewSonic 4 ViewSonic 4E ViewSonic 5+ ViewSonic 5 ViewSonic 5E ViewSonic 6 ViewSonic 6E ViewSonic 6FS ViewSonic 7 ViewSonic 7E ViewSonic 8 ViewSonic E40 ViewSonic E41 ViewSonic E51 ViewSonic E641-2 ViewSonic E641 ViewSonic E651 ViewSonic E655-2 ViewSonic E655-3 ViewSonic E655 ViewSonic E71 ViewSonic E771-2 ViewSonic E771 ViewSonic EA771 ViewSonic EA771B ViewSonic G653-2 ViewSonic G653 ViewSonic G655 ViewSonic G771 ViewSonic G773-2 ViewSonic G773 ViewSonic G790 ViewSonic G800 ViewSonic G810-2 ViewSonic G810 ViewSonic GA655 ViewSonic GA771 ViewSonic GS771 ViewSonic GT770 ViewSonic GT775 ViewSonic GT800 ViewSonic MB110 ViewSonic MB50 ViewSonic MB70 ViewSonic MB90 ViewSonic P655 ViewSonic P775 ViewSonic P810-3 ViewSonic P810-A ViewSonic P810-E ViewSonic P810-ER ViewSonic P810-MR ViewSonic P810 ViewSonic P815 ViewSonic P817 ViewSonic PJ1000 ViewSonic PJ800 ViewSonic PJ820 ViewSonic PJL802 ViewSonic PS775 ViewSonic PS790 ViewSonic PT770 ViewSonic PT771 ViewSonic PT775 ViewSonic PT810-2 ViewSonic PT810-3 ViewSonic PT810 ViewSonic PT813-1 ViewSonic S6E ViewSonic VP140 ViewSonic VP150 ViewSonic VPA138 ViewSonic VPA145 ViewSonic VPA150 |
Xconfigurator will be run as part of the install process,
and it can also be executed post-installation should additional configuration
be necessary.
If the monitor to be installed is in the above list, installation should be
simple. If not, it will be necessary to call Xconfigurator
after installation with special parameters.
If the horizontal and vertical scanning rates absolutely cannot be determined, choose either the “Generic Multisync” or the “Generic Monitor” listed above. However, before such a choice is made, attention should be paid to the following warning from XFree86:
“It is VERY IMPORTANT that you do not specify a monitor type with a horizontal sync range that is beyond the capabilities of your monitor. If in doubt, choose a conservative setting.”
The reason for this warning is that it is actually possible to physically damage some older monitors by driving them with scan rates that are beyond the design tolerances. Do not configure XFree86 to use scan rates that are higher than your monitor's specifications, or physical damage to the monitor could result.
The risk only surfaces if the startx command is used
at the console, or if the system enters init 5 and activates
the xdm login console. There is no danger if neither of these
commands are run. To completely remove any danger, delete the
/etc/X11/XF86Config file, which will prevent X-Windows from
starting at all (some server machines have no need for X-Windows).
In the case of an unknown monitor (such as the above Gateway), the
Xconfigurator command could be run by the root user with
the following arguments:
Xconfigurator --kickstart --hsync "30-86" --vsync "50-130"
This command writes an /etc/X11/XF86Config file with
conservative settings. The startx command could then be run
after installation.
For the utmost of control over the configuration of X-Windows, use
the xf86config utility, rather than Xconfigurator.
Because of its complexity, xf86config is not covered in this
text.
Once X Windows has been properly configured, the X server can be started with various color bit depths with the following commands:
startx
Xconfigurator
might choose a different default color depth, however.
startx -- -bpp 8
startx -- -bpp 16
startx -- -bpp 24
Nearly every Linux kernel has built-in support for IDE devices, including hard disks and CD-ROM drives. This is not so for SCSI devices.
Drivers for various brands of SCSI cards are stored as modules which are loaded dynamically by the kernel as it boots. Unless arrangements are made for the module to be loaded, the entire SCSI system will be unavailable to a generic kernel.
This is why it is so important for Linux systems with SCSI devices to create boot images (although it is a good idea for all systems in general).
It is wholeheartedly recommended that the opportunity to make a boot
floppy be taken when it is presented in the initial installation.
A boot floppy can be created later by using the mkbootdisk
command.
A small amount of effort at installation time can save great effort when a system won't boot. Make the boot floppy.
Before installation can begin, the required boot disk images must usually be written to blank floppies. This operation is accomplished through either a DOS or UNIX environment.
The layout of the boot images for Red Hat 6.0 has changed substantially from earlier releases.
The following boot images are available on the CD-ROM included with this text:
However, if the BIOS of the PC supports the “El Torito” bootable CD format, the creation of the boot floppies might not be necessary. Simply place the Red Hat CD in the drive, set the BIOS to boot from the CD (if applicable), and attempt to boot normally. If a LILO boot prompt appears, and PCMCIA services are not required, then the creation of the boot floppies can be safely skipped.
If it is necessary to create a set of boot floppies, the instructions for both DOS and UNIX follow:
dd command. The CD must be mounted as an active file
system. Under Linux, if a /cdrom directory exists,
one of the following mount commands will usually mount a CD:mount /dev/scd0 /cdrom
mount /dev/hdc /cdrom
mount /dev/hdb /cdromdd commands
will write the image to a floppy drive:dd if=/cdrom/images/boot.img of=/dev/fd0 bs=1440k
cd dosutils
rawrite
Once the images are in hand, boot from the boot floppy. Press return to pass the LILO boot prompt.
As a note for the technically-minded, the boot floppy is in
MS-DOS format. The vmlinuz file can be replaced with
a specially-compiled kernel image as long as the new image fits
in the free space available on the floppy. This is one way to build
specific device support into the installation session, in the unlikely
event that it is necessary.
Once the Linux kernel has booted (which may take some time), a welcome message will be presented:
Welcome to Red Hat Linux
********************** Red Hat Linux ************************
* *
* Welcome to Red Hat Linux! *
* *
* This installation process is outlined in detail in the *
* Official Red Hat Linux Installation Guide available from *
* Red Hat Software. If you have access to this manual, you *
* should read the installation section before continuing. *
* *
* If you have purchased Official Red Hat Linux, be sure to *
* register your purchase through our web site, *
* http://www.redhat.com *
* *
* ****** *
* * OK * *
* ****** *
* *
*************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Then, the following language menu will be displayed. Select the desired language for the installation session (hopefully English), then Tab to move to OK, then press Space or Enter/Return.
Welcome to Red Hat Linux
********** Choose a Language ***********
* *
* What language should be used during *
* the installation process? *
* *
* English * *
* French * *
* German * *
* Hungarian * *
* Icelandic * *
* Italian * *
* Norwegian * *
* Romanian * *
* *
* ****** *
* * OK * *
* ****** *
* *
****************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Select the appropriate keyboard in the menu below:
Welcome to Red Hat Linux
************ Keyboard Type ************
* *
* What type of keyboard do you have? *
* *
* Slovene * *
* tr_f-latin5 * *
* tr_q-latin5 * *
* trait * *
* trf * *
* trq * *
* us * *
* uk * *
* *
* ****** *
* * OK * *
* ****** *
* *
***************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
If PCMCIA devices will be required for the installation (such as a CDROM controller, or a network card), have the PCMCIA disk ready and answer yes to the next menu:
Welcome to Red Hat Linux
********************** PCMCIA Support **********************
* *
* Do you need to use PCMCIA devices during the install? *
* Answer no this question if only need PCMCIA support *
* after the install. You do not need install-time PCMCIA *
* support if you are installing Red Hat Linux on a laptop *
* with a built-in CDROM drive. *
* *
* ******* ****** ******** *
* * Yes * * No * * Back * *
* ******* ****** ******** *
* *
************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Select the Local CD-ROM. Red Hat Linux can be installed without a CD by using other options (especially those contained in bootnet.img), but they are not covered in this text.
Welcome to Red Hat Linux
****** Installation Method *******
* *
* What type of media contains *
* the packages to be installed? *
* *
* Local CDROM *
* Hard drive *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
**********************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Ensure that the CD is in the drive, and proceed through the next dialog.
Welcome to Red Hat Linux
************** Note **************
* *
* Insert your Red Hat CD into *
* your CD drive now. *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
**********************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
At this point, the “second stage install” begins. Select the install option to configure a new system. The Upgrade option is very effective at bringing an older Red Hat Linux system up to date. The Upgrade option is very simple and straightforward and it is not covered in this text.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Select installation path
******** Installation Path ********
* *
* Would you like to install a *
* new system or upgrade a system *
* which already contains Red Hat *
* Linux 2.0 or later? *
* *
* *********** *********** *
* * Install * * Upgrade * *
* *********** *********** *
* *
* *
***********************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
For the maximum flexibility during the installation process, choose the “Custom” option below. The other options will automatically partition the drive and install a set of software applications appropriate for either a workstation or server Linux system. Here, we assume the “Custom” option has been chosen.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Select installation class
******* Installation Class *******
* *
* What type of machine are you *
* installing? For maximum *
* flexibility, choose "Custom". *
* *
* Workstation *
* Server *
* Custom *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
**********************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
If SCSI adapters are present, they must be probed and configured. In this example, we assume that only IDE devices are in use, but the SCSI adapter selection menu will be shown below.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Setup SCSI
******* SCSI Configuration ********
* *
* Do you have any SCSI adapters? *
* *
* ****** ******* ******** *
* * No * * Yes * * Back * *
* ****** ******* ******** *
* *
* *
***********************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
If a SCSI adapter is present in the system, its brand must be specified in the following menu:
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Setup SCSI
************* Load module *************
* *
* Which driver should I try? *
* *
* Adaptec 152x * *
* Adaptec 1542 * *
* Adaptec 1740 * *
* Adaptec 2740, 2840, 2940 * *
* AdvanSys Adapters * *
* Always IN2000 * *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
***************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
At this point, disk partitioning can be performed. This example will use
the fdisk session discussed earlier in this chapter.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Setup filesystems
************************ Disk Setup ************************
* *
* Disk Druid is a tool for partitioning and setting up *
* mount points. It is designed to be easier to use than *
* Linux's traditional disk partitioning sofware, fdisk, *
* as well as more powerful. However, there are some cases *
* where fdisk may be preferred. *
* *
* Which tool would you like to use? *
* *
* ************** ********* ******** *
* * Disk Druid * * fdisk * * Back * *
* ************** ********* ******** *
* *
* *
************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
If multiple hard drives are available on a system, a menu such as the following will be presented allowing a target hard drive to be chosen.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Setup filesystems
*********************** Partition Disks ***********************
* *
* To install Red Hat Linux, you must have at least one *
* partition of 150 MB dedicated to Linux. We suggest placing *
* that partition on one of the first two hard drives in your *
* system so you can boot into Linux with LILO. *
* *
* /dev/hda - Model FUJITSU MPA3035ATU - Model FUJITS *
* /dev/hdb - Model WDC AC2120 - Model WDC AC2120 *
* *
* ******** ******** ******** *
* * Done * * Edit * * Back * *
* ******** ******** ******** *
* *
* *
***************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
The disk partitions must be created before Red Hat Linux can be
installed. A complete session with the fdisk utility was
covered in a previous section of this chapter. Choose either
Disk Druid or fdisk. Disk Druid menus can be confusing, but the disk
druid menus must be used in the next step to establish filesystem
mount points.
After the fdisk session has completed, a mount point
must be chosen for each file system. This is done by moving the highlight
on the Disk Druid menu
to a particular partition, using Tab to move to the “Edit”
option, then selecting “Edit” and indicating a mount point.
The root file system must be specified with a “/”; the root
file system must exist; other file system mount points are optional.
DOS FAT partitions can also be mounted.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Setup filesystems
*************************** Current Disk Partitions ****************************
* Mount Point Device Requested Actual Type *
* /dos hda1 2047M 2047M DOS 16-bit >=32 * *
* / hda5 700M 700M Linux native * *
* /home hda6 519M 519M Linux native * *
* hda7 66M 66M Linux swap * *
* hdb1 119M 119M Linux native * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
* Drive Summaries *
* Drive Geom [C/H/S] Total Used Free *
* hda [ 847/128/63] 3335M 3334M 1M [##########] **
* hdb [ 872/ 8/35] 119M 119M 0M [##########] **
* **
* **
* *
* ******* ******** ********** ****** ******** *
* * Add * * Edit * * Delete * * Ok * * Back * *
* ******* ******** ********** ****** ******** *
* *
********************************************************************************
F1-Add F2-Add NFS F3-Edit F4-Delete F5-Reset F12-Ok v 1.00
Once the layout of the filesystems has been completed, the installation program will prompt to format a swap partition. It is strongly recommended that all areas be checked for bad blocks.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Setup swap space
********************** Active Swap Space **********************
* *
* What partitions would you like to use for swap space? This *
* will destroy any information already on the partition. *
* *
* Device Size (k) *
* [*] /dev/hda7 64480 *
* *
* [*] Check for bad blocks during format *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
***************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
The installer will then format the swap partition.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Setup swap space
************************* Formatting *************************
* *
* Formatting swap space on device /tmp/hda7... *
* *
* *
* *
**************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
After the swap space has been formatted, the new partitions themselves must be formatted. On a new installation, all of the Linux partitions should be formatted with bad block checks.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Choose partitions to format
********************** Partitions To Format **********************
* *
* What partitions would you like to format? We strongly suggest *
* formatting all of the system partitions, including /, /usr, *
* and /var. There is no need to format /home or /usr/local if *
* they have already been configured during a previous install. *
* *
* [*] /dev/hda5 / *
* [*] /dev/hda6 /home *
* *
* [*] Check for bad blocks during format *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
******************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
When the partition configuration is complete, a list of available components is presented.
sendmail, which
should be installed if networked email is required.
A complete install with all packages requires large amounts of space. It is best to choose the installed subsystems carefully as some can be a nusiance to shut down.
A listing of all the packages associated with these subsystems can be
found in the /RedHat/base/comps file on the attached CD-ROM.
When the package selection is completed, the partitions will be formatted and the packages will be installed.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Choose packages to install
********* Components to Install *********
* *
* Choose components to install: *
* *
* [ ] Printer Support * *
* [*] X Window System * *
* [*] GNOME * *
* [ ] KDE * *
* [*] Mail/WWW/News Tools * *
* [ ] DOS/Windows Connectivity * *
* [*] File Managers * *
* *
* [ ] Select individual packages *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
*****************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
The final alert before installation begins advises of the location of the installation log.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Install system
*************** Install log ***************
* *
* A complete log of your installation *
* will be in /tmp/install.log after *
* rebooting your system. You may want to *
* keep this file for later reference. *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
*******************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
The formatting of the partitions then begins. If a bad block search is also run, then the formatting could take a few minutes or more.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Install system
************************** Running ***************************
* *
* Making ext2 filesystem on /dev/hda5... *
* *
**************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
An overlapping file search is then conducted.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Install system
************************* Processing *************************
* *
* Finding overlapping files... *
* *
* *
* *
**************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
The installation then begins. An informative message about each individual package is displayed as it is installed. These packages are actually “RPM” files, and these RPMs will be manipulated with a variety of methods in the following chapters.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Install system
*********************** Install Status ***********************
* *
* Package: filesystem-1.3.4-4 *
* Size : 80k *
* Summary: The basic directory layout for a Linux *
* system. *
* *
* *
* *
* Packages Bytes Time *
* Total : 358 438M 7:51.31 *
* Completed : 1 0M 0:00.01 *
* Remaining : 357 438M 7:51.30 *
* *
* *
* *
**************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
After the main package installation, the mouse is configured.
mouseconfig 3.9 - (C) 1999 Red Hat Software
************** Configure Mouse ***************
* *
* What type of mouse do you have? *
* *
* No Mouse * *
* ALPS GlidePoint (PS/2) * *
* ASCII MieMouse (serial) * *
* ASCII MieMouse (PS/2) * *
* ATI Bus Mouse * *
* Generic Mouse (serial) * *
* Generic 3 Button Mouse (serial) * *
* Generic Mouse (PS/2) * *
* *
* [*] Emulate 3 Buttons? *
* *
* ****** ********** ******** *
* * Ok * * Cancel * * Help * *
* ****** ********** ******** *
* *
* *
**********************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Network services (ethernet or similar media) can then be configured, if desired.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Configure networking
***** Network Configuration ******
* *
* Do you want to configure LAN *
* (not dialup) networking for *
* your installed system? *
* *
* ******* ****** ******** *
* * Yes * * No * * Back * *
* ******* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
**********************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
If network configuration is desired, the installer will attempt to probe the system for a network adapter. With a bit of luck, a successful message like the one below will appear.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Configure networking
************** Probe **************
* *
* A 3com 3c59x (Vortex) card has *
* been found on your system. *
* *
* ****** *
* * Ok * *
* ****** *
* *
* *
***********************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Basic TCP/IP configuration will begin for the detected network card. The installer presents a list of methods for configuring these basic services. The DHCP and BOOTP options require servers configured to provide these protocols on the local network segment. Here we will choose a static IP.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Configure networking
********************** Boot Protocol ***********************
* *
* How should the IP information be set? If your system *
* administrator gave you an IP address, choose static IP. *
* *
* Static IP address *
* BOOTP *
* DHCP *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Below is an example of a basic configuration for network services. This information, if entered incorrectly, can have harmful effects upon network traffic. The configuration data should be obtained from a competent administrator, and it should be double-checked. Be cautious.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Configure networking
********************** Configure TCP/IP **********************
* *
* Please enter the IP configuration for this machine. Each *
* item should be entered as an IP address in dotted-decimal *
* notation (for example, 1.2.3.4). *
* *
* IP address: 192.168.1.1_____ *
* Netmask: 255.255.255.0___ *
* Default gateway (IP): 192.168.1.254___ *
* Primary nameserver: 192.168.1.1_____ *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
**************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Additional information is required to completely configure TCP/IP networking. This information is covered in greater detail in Chapter 2.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Configure networking
******************** Configure Network ********************
* *
* Please enter your domain name, host name, and the IP *
* addresses of any additional nameservers. Your host *
* name should be a fully-qualified host name, such as *
* mybox.mylab.myco.com. If you don't have any additional *
* nameservers, leave the nameserver entries blank. *
* *
* Domain name: redhat.com__________ *
* Host name: porky.redhat.com____ *
* Secondary nameserver (IP): 192.168.1.2_________ *
* Tertiary nameserver (IP): 192.168.1.3_________ *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
***********************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Next, the local time zone must be selected. Normally, the PC clock is not set to GMT.
timeconfig 2.7 - (C) 1999 Red Hat Software
******** Configure Timezones ********
* *
* Format machine time is stored in: *
* *
* [ ] Hardware clock set to GMT *
* *
* US/Alaska * *
* US/Aleutian * *
* US/Arizona * *
* US/Central * *
* US/East-Indiana * *
* US/Eastern * *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
*************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Next, the boot services menu is presented. Various services can
be configured to be started when the system boots. This menu can be brought
up any time post-installation by entering the ntsysv command.
A description of the available services is provided below.
apmd
atd
cron
dhcpd
ntsysv command if the DHCP subsystem is installed.
gpm
httpd
inet
ftpd, telnetd,
pop, etc.
keytable
linuxconf
linuxconf utility to be loaded.
lpd
named
netfs
/etc/fstab.
network
nfs
pcmcia
portmap
postgresql
random
routed
rstatd
rusersd
rwhod
sendmail
smb
snmpd
sound
sndconfig utility must be run successfully before the
device will function.
syslog
/var/log/messages.
Logs are controlled by the logfile rotation system.
xfs
ypbind
/etc/passwd file (and others). Requires portmap.
This functionality is better implemented with ssh.
ntsysv 1.0.6 - (C) 1999 Red Hat Software
******************** Services *********************
* *
* What services should be automatically started? *
* *
* [*] apmd * *
* [*] atd * *
* [*] crond * *
* [*] gpm * *
* [*] httpd * *
* [*] inet * *
* [*] keytable * *
* [*] linuxconf * *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
***************************************************
Press <F1> for more information on a service.
Printer selection is accomplished next. Printer driver support is not
as strong in Red Hat Linux as it is in other operating systems.
All the printer drivers are configured to emulate a Postscript printer
(which is accomplished through the ghostscript utility).
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Configure printer
************ Configure Printer ************
* *
* Would you like to configure a printer? *
* *
* ******* ****** ******** *
* * Yes * * No * * Back * *
* ******* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
*******************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Remote printers can be specified. Only a local printer is documented in this text.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Configure printer
****** Select Printer Connection ******
* *
* How is this printer connected? *
* *
* Local *
* Remote lpd *
* SMB/Windows 95/NT *
* NetWare *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
***************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
The print queue is selected next. The standard names are usually sufficient.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Configure printer
************** Standard Printer Options ***************
* *
* Every print queue (which print jobs are directed *
* to) needs a name (often lp) and a spool directory *
* associated with it. What name and directory should *
* be used for this queue? *
* *
* Name of queue: lp__________________ *
* Spool directory: /var/spool/lpd/lp___ *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
*******************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
The detected ports are displayed next.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Configure printer
************* Local Printer Device **************
* *
* What device is your printer connected to *
* (note that /dev/lp0 is equivalent to LPT1:)? *
* *
* Printer Device: /dev/lp0_______ *
* *
* Auto-detected ports: *
* *
* /dev/lp0: Detected *
* /dev/lp1: Not Detected *
* /dev/lp2: Not Detected *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
*************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
The available printer drivers are displayed for selection. If the exact model of the attached printer is not available in the list, try selecting a previous model number from the same manufacturer. Also, if the attached printer is advertised to be compatible with another manufacturer's printer, select the equivalent model.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Configure printer
******************* Configure Printer *******************
* *
* What type of printer do you have? *
* *
* HP PaintJet * *
* HP PaintJet XL * *
* HP PaintJet XL300 and DeskJet 1200C * *
* IBM 3853 JetPrinter * *
* Imagen ImPress * *
* Mitsubishi CP50 * *
* NEC P6/P6+/P60 * *
* NEC Prinwriter 2X (UP) * *
* Okidata Microline 182 * *
* PostScript printer * *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
*********************************************************
<F1> will give you information on a particular printer type
The paper size for the new printer can then be configured.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Configure printer
****************** PostScript printer ******************
* *
* You may now configure the paper size and resolution *
* for this printer. *
* *
* Paper Size Resolution *
* letter 300x 300 *
* legal 600x 600 *
* ledger 1200x1200 *
* a3 *
* a4 *
* *
* [ ] Fix stair-stepping of text? *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
********************************************************
<F1> will give you information on this printer driver.
Finally, a printer confirmation dialog is presented.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Configure printer
*************** Verify Printer Configuration ***************
* *
* Please verify that this printer information is correct: *
* *
* Printer type: LOCAL *
* Queue: lp *
* Spool directory: /var/spool/lpd/lp *
* Printer device /dev/lp0 *
* Printer driver: PostScript printer *
* Paper size: letter *
* Resolution: 300x300 *
* Bits per pixel: Default *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
The root password must be chosen. The password should not be obvious, especially if the machine is connected to the Internet. Mixtures of letters, numbers, and punctuation marks are best. The password must be entered twice, and the two entries must be identical. If you've forgotten it, you can circumvent the root password by entering “linux single” at the LILO boot prompt.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Set root password
*************** Root Password ****************
* *
* Pick a root password. You must type it *
* twice to ensure you know what it is and *
* didn't make a mistake in typing. Remember *
* that the root password is a critical part *
* of system security! *
* *
* Password: ________________________ *
* Password (again): ________________________ *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
**********************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
The format of the system password database can be specified with the following dialog. For maximum compatibility with other UNIX installations, disable all the options.
authconfig 1.8 - (c) 1999 Red Hat Software
****** Authentication Configuration *******
* *
* *
* [ ] Enable NIS *
* NIS Domain: _________________________ *
* NIS Server: [*] Request via broadcast *
* or use: _________________________ *
* *
* [*] Use Shadow Passwords *
* *
* [*] Enable MD5 Passwords *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
*******************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
It is highly recommended that a boot disk be created, especially if the installation involved SCSI devices.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Create bootdisk
*************************** Bootdisk ****************************
* *
* A custom bootdisk provides a way of booting into your Linux *
* system without depending on the normal bootloader. This is *
* useful if you don't want to install lilo on your system, *
* another operating system removes lilo, or lilo doesn't work *
* with your hardware configuration. A custom bootdisk can also *
* be used with the Red Hat rescue image, making it much easier *
* to recover from severe system failures. *
* *
* Would you like to create a bootdisk for your system? *
* *
* ******* ****** ******** *
* * Yes * * No * * Back * *
* ******* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
*****************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
The bootdisk is then created.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Create bootdisk
************ Bootdisk ************
* *
* Creating bootdisk... *
* *
**********************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
LILO should normally be installed on the Master Boot Record of the primary hard drive.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Install bootloader
***************** Lilo Installation ******************
* *
* Where do you want to install the bootloader? *
* *
* /dev/hda Master Boot Record *
* /dev/hda5 First sector of boot partition *
* *
* ****** ******** ******** *
* * Ok * * Skip * * Back * *
* ****** ******** ******** *
* *
* *
******************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
One need for special options is if the system has more than 64 megabytes
of RAM memory. If so, this option should be passed here. For example,
if a machine with 128MB is installed, the parameter to pass is
mem=128M.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Install bootloader
****************** Lilo Installation ******************
* *
* A few systems will need to pass special options to *
* the kernel at boot time for the system to function *
* properly. If you need to pass boot options to the *
* kernel, enter them now. If you don't need any or *
* aren't sure, leave this blank. *
* *
* ________________________________________________ *
* *
* [ ] Use linear mode (needed for some SCSI drives) *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
*******************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
Other operating systems can be booted by LILO. Select the operating systems to make available to LILO here.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Install bootloader
********************* Bootable Partitions **********************
* *
* The boot manager Red Hat uses can boot other operating *
* systems as well. You need to tell me what partitions you *
* would like to be able to boot and what label you want to *
* use for each of them. *
* *
* Device Partition type Default Boot label *
* /dev/hda1 DOS 16-bit >=32 dos * *
* /dev/hda5 Linux native * linux * *
* /dev/hdb1 Linux native * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
* *
* ****** ******** ******** *
* * Ok * * Edit * * Back * *
* ****** ******** ******** *
* *
* *
****************************************************************
<F2> Selects the default partition
In the last stage, X Windows is configured. With luck, the system graphics adapter is detected and an RPM with an appropriate X server is installed.
Xconfigurator 4.2.3 - (C) 1999 Red Hat Software and others
*********** PCI Probe ************
* *
* PCI probing found a: *
* *
* PCI Entry: Trio32/Trio64 *
* X Server : S3 *
* *
* ****** *
* * Ok * *
* ****** *
* *
* *
**********************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
The next step is the selection of a monitor. If the monitor is not in the following list then choose either “Generic” or “Generic Multisync”.
Xconfigurator 4.2.3 - (C) 1999 Red Hat Software and others
*************************** Monitor Setup ****************************
* *
* What type of monitor do you have? If you would rather specify the *
* sync frequencies of your monitor, choose "Custom" from the list. *
* *
* Mitsubishi Diamond Plus 100 (TFW1105) * *
* Mitsubishi Diamond Plus 70 (TF-7700P) * *
* Mitsubishi Diamond Plus 71 (TFV6708) * *
* Mitsubishi Diamond Plus 72 (TFV8705) * *
* Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 1000 (TFX1105) * *
* Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 1010 (TUX1107) * *
* Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 14 (FW6405) * *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Back * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
**********************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
A graphics probe will then be launched to determine the best screen resolution.
Xconfigurator 4.2.3 - (C) 1999 Red Hat Software and others
********* Probing to begin **********
* *
* Xconfigurator will now run the X *
* server you selected to probe *
* various information about your *
* video card. It is normal for the *
* screen to blink several times. *
* *
* ****** *
* * Ok * *
* ****** *
* *
* *
*************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
The best probed resolution will then be presented (which hopefully is better than 640x480).
Xconfigurator 4.2.3 - (C) 1999 Red Hat Software and others
*********************** Probing finished ***********************
* *
* Xconfigurator has sucessfully probed your video card. The *
* default video mode will be: *
* *
* Color Depth: 16 bits per pixel *
* Resolution : 1024x768 *
* *
* Do you want to accept this setting, or select for yourself? *
* *
* *************** ***************** ******** *
* * Use Default * * Let Me Choose * * Back * *
* *************** ***************** ******** *
* *
* *
****************************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
The X server will then be started. While it is active, the user will be presented with an option to boot the system directly into X windows.
Xconfigurator 4.2.3 - (C) 1999 Red Hat Software and others
*********** Starting X ************
* *
* Xconfigurator will now start X *
* to test your configuration. *
* *
* ****** ******** *
* * Ok * * Skip * *
* ****** ******** *
* *
* *
***********************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
The X server is the last installation component. When it is complete, the installation is concluded.
Red Hat Linux (C) 1999 Red Hat Software Complete
************************** Done ***************************
* *
* Congratulations, installation is complete. *
* *
* Remove the boot media and press return to reboot. For *
* information on fixes which are available for this *
* release of Red Hat Linux, consult the Errata available *
* from http://www.redhat.com. *
* *
* Information on configuring your system is available in *
* the post install chapter of the Official Red Hat Linux *
* User's Guide. *
* *
* ****** *
* * Ok * *
* ****** *
* *
* *
***********************************************************
<Tab>/<Alt-Tab> between elements | <Space> selects | <F12> next screen
At this point, remove all the installation media (including the CD) and reboot the system. With any luck, the computer will boot to a “Login” prompt, and the root user can login and begin to add new users (with the “useradd” command, or through a number of GUI utilities).
It is also possible to enter “linux single” at the LILO prompt to boot the system without a password into single user mode. Linux will boot to a bash prompt (owned by root) and all of the file systems will be mounted, but no network services will be started.
If your Red Hat Linux system runs only on one hard drive, it is easy to clone it onto a second.
First, unmount all extraneous file systems (such as CD-ROMs, DOS FAT file systems, NFS connections, and anything else that is not directly related to the local installation).
Next, obtain a boot disk for the system. The disk created during the
installation is appropriate. Another can be created with the
mkbootdisk utility. On IDE systems, the Red Hat Linux boot floppy
can be used as a boot disk by passing it the parameters
“linux single root=/dev/hdXX initrd=”
(substitute the partition of the root file system for “XX”),
but this trick will not work if there are active file systems on SCSI
devices.
Next, run the following commands as root:
cd / ls | grep -v proc > /root/files mkdir /drive
Edit the list of files in /root/files and remove any extra
directories that should not be copied. The /proc directory is
explicitly omitted.
Next, shutdown the system and install the new drive. Boot Linux and
use the fdisk utility
to create the partitions, then use mke2fs -c to create
file systems on the new drive. The new drive should probably have the
same partition layout as the old drive (if not, then the new
/etc/fstab must be modified).
Be careful not to accidentally wipe out
areas on the source drive when running these commands.
Take the system into single user mode by running the following command as root:
init 1
Mount the partitions on the new drive onto the /drive
directory. Mount them with the same hierarchy that the source drive is mounted.
For example, if a file-system on the source drive holds /home,
then a file-system on the target drive should be mounted as
/drive/home.
To clone the drive, enter the following commands:
cd / tar cf - `cat /root/files` | (cd /drive; tar xvpf -)
When the copy completes, make any necessary modifications to
/drive/etc/fstab (none should be required unless the partition
arrangement differs), then shutdown the system. Remove the source drive
and install the target drive as the boot drive (as the primary master on
an IDE system, or as ID 0 on SCSI). Boot with the boot diskette.
Lastly, login to the new system as root and run the lilo
command. Remove the boot diskette and reboot. The new drive should
be functionally equivalent to the old one.
The Redhat Package Manager (RPM) is a powerful system that allows software installation and upgrades to be applied with a minimum of effort. It is a software distribution scheme that allows source code to be distributed in a pristine original format, but also encompasses binary distributions which allow for extremely rapid installation.
RPM has become so popular that several other Linux distributions have endorsed it as their preferred installation method. There are also utilities that convert packages between RPM and the competing Debian DEB package format.
All the RPM packages that make up Red Hat Linux 6.0 are contained in
the RedHat/RPMS directory on the CD-ROM included with this
text. For example, one of the packages that is included is the Samba
distribution in the samba-1.9.18p10-3.i386.rpm file. The various extensions
on the RPM file identify the processor architecture for which it
was produced (alpha, sparc, or i386) or if it is a source distribution
(src).
It is assumed in this section (and most of this text) that the Intel 386 architecture is the target platform.
Following is a list of the more common ways that RPM is used:
rpm -Uvh package.i386.rpm
rpm -e package
.386.rpm extension.
rpm -q package
rpm -q samba
might produce the result samba-1.9.18p10-3 if
the package was installed.
rpm -qa
sort, grep, or more.
rpm -ql package
rpm -qf file
rpm -qpl package.i386.rpm
rpm -qi package
rpm -qpi package.i386.rpm
rpm2cpio package.src.rpm
rpm2cpio package.i386.rpm | cpio -i”
which will extract all included files in the current directory.
rpm --rebuild package.src.rpm
One of the most important post-installation uses of the RPM format are security patches issued by Red Hat. Information about the patches can usually be found in the support areas at the Red Hat website, and the patches themselves are located at ftp://ftp.redhat.com/redhat/updates/6.0/i386 at the time that this text was composed. An image of the updates directory is included on the CD-ROM.
To give an example, a security vulnerability was found in the Samba distribution that was included with Red Hat Linux 6.0. To quote the information at the Red Hat website:
New netscape packages are available. While these are not specifically security updates, among the changes listed are “Fixes to improve security”; therefore it is recommended that users update to the new packages.
The patched netscape distribution can be found in the
updates/netscape-common-4.6-1.i386.rpm and
updates/netscape-communicator-4.6-1.i386.rpm
files on the CD-ROM included
with this text. To install the updated Netscape distribution, enter the
following commands as root:
rpm -Uvh netscape-common-4.6-1.i386.rpm rpm -Uvh netscape-communicator-4.6-1.i386.rpm
Generally, this syntax for RPM is used to upgrade everything except the Linux kernel. Kernel updates are of sufficient complexity that it is probably preferable to download the true kernel source and build kernel images from them. This process is documented in Chapter 10. Also, be advised that the Linux kernel source itself is available as an RPM, but kernel source patches commonly will not run against these packaged versions as they do not contain all source files.
Also, Netscape installations (all versions) crash on Java pages in Red Hat Linux 6.0. To fix this problem, run the following command as root:
chkfontpath --add /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi
It is quite a simple thing to set the clock in the BIOS on a PC. However, synchronizing clocks on a large network of PCs can be much more complex.
Red Hat Linux provides several utilities that set the system time based upon data received over the internet. All must be run by root, as the root user is the only user allowed to modify the system time. The simplest invocation is as follows:
/usr/bin/rdate -s time.nist.gov; /usr/sbin/setclock
These commands first set Linux's time, then set the BIOS time. The two clocks are separate; Linux reads the BIOS time only at boot. This command can be automated by setting a crontab:
echo '0 3 * * * /usr/bin/rdate -s time.nist.gov; /usr/sbin/setclock' > ~/crontab crontab ~/crontab
The above commands will cause the date to be adjusted at 3 a.m. every day.
The command removes any previously existing crontab; see the
crontab manual pages for details.
For those who are especially concerned with keeping accurate time, it will be beneficial to load the Network Time Protocol RPM package:
rpm -Uvh xntp3-5.93-12.i386.rpm
Then, select a server from the list published at http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/ntp/servers.html (be sure to select from the appropriate strata). For example one might choose the ntp host tock.cs.unlv.edu, and issue the following command:
ntpdate tock.cs.unlv.edu
With the xntp package, it is also possible to run the xntpd
daemon which will keep the system time continuously updated. The configuration
of xntpd is beyond the scope of this book.
Editing text files is a critical operation within UNIX, especially for an administrator.
For serious UNIX aficionados, vi is the one true editor.
It is practically guaranteed to be installed on any version of UNIX
available.
However, vi itself is not free software, and it is generally
not included with open-sourced versions of UNIX. Other versions of Linux
include clones of vi, with esoteric names such as vile,
elvis or nvi.
Red Hat Linux uses vim which is short for
“VI Improved,”, and improved it is. There is a wonderful
tutorial for novice users that is included in the vim
package. Any user can start the tutorial by issuing the following
commands:
cp /usr/doc/vim-common-5.3/tutor/tutor ~ vi ~/tutor
The behavior of the bash shell can be set to mimic vi if the root user issues the following commands:
mv /etc/inputrc /etc/inputrc.old echo 'set editing-mode vi' > /etc/inputrc
All shells invoked after this point can use vi-style cursor movement commands (you must press the escape key, then “j” or “k” to cycle through commands, rather than using the arrows directly). This affects not only the shell, but also every application that uses the GNU Readline library (such as gdb, psql, sqsh, etc).
If all references to the INPUTRC environment variable are
removed from /etc/profile, then each user can set an
.inputrc file in their home directory with their shell editing
settings (which was the default behavior in previous versions of Red Hat Linux).
Additional information on the format of these files is available in the
man readline manual pages.
However, for those unfortunate miscreants with the audacity to look elsewhere for their editing tools, there are a few alternatives.
For the truly uninitiated, there is the pico editor
that is included with the pine mail client. In its favor,
pico has a very handy justification tool and an easy
spelling checker. It is also almost trivially easy to learn.
However, it is otherwise sorely lacking in features and flexibility.
When using pico to edit important system files, it is
usually much safer to call it with the single argument
pico -w which will disable its habit of wrapping
long lines.
The basic X-Windows installation also includes xedit, but
it is not really very powerful.
The apparent GNU-endorsed editing environment is emacs.
emacs is extremely powerful, but it is also big. Very big.
It includes a LISP interpreter and has modes that run in character or
X-Windows.
There are many choices in editors, but care should be taken in the final selection. Availability and features will soon come to be much more important than ease of use.